Thermal receptacle with phase change material

ABSTRACT

A liquid receptacle for rapidly lowering the temperature of a liquid contained therein to a warm range suitable for human contact and maintaining the liquid in the warm range for an extended period of time includes an inner vessel with an open upper end and a closed lower end and a wall connecting the upper and lower end. An insulated outer shell is spaced from the inner vessel to define an interstitial chamber between the inner vessel and the outer shell. A phase change material occupies the chamber and regeneratively absorbs thermal energy from the liquid to cool the liquid and then releases the thermal energy back to the liquid to maintain the temperature of the liquid.

RELATED APPLICATION

This patent application claims priority from provisional patentapplication Ser. No. 60/043,431 filed Apr. 7, 1997 entitled “ThermalReceptacle with Phase Change Material.”

TECHNICAL FIELD

The subject invention relates generally to liquid receptacles orcontainers and more specifically to a receptacle that rapidly cools ahot liquid to a warm range and then maintains the fluid in the warmrange for an extended period.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

There have been many attempts in the past to maintain liquids and solidswithin certain temperature ranges. Hot beverages are usually preparedand served at temperatures well above the temperature at which consumersprefer to drink them. Typically, the consumer must wait an extendedperiod for the beverage to sufficiently cool before drinking it. Someimpatient consumers will attempt to drink the beverage too soonresulting in burns to the mouth. Similarly, if the drink is spilledbefore it has had sufficient time to cool, burns to the skin may result.Therefore, it is desirable to rapidly cool the beverage from thetemperature at which it is served to an acceptable drinking range. Oncethe beverage is within the acceptable drinking temperature range, it isdesirable to maintain the temperature of the beverage within this rangefor an extended period of time.

Many approaches have been tried for both rapidly cooling a hot beverageand for maintaining the temperature of the beverage within an acceptabledrinking temperature range. To rapidly cool a hot beverage, ice or acool liquid (e.g., water or milk) can be added to the hot beverage. Thisapproach rapidly cools the beverage but dilutes the hot beverage. Thisis frequently undesirable. This approach is often inconvenient andimprecise; if the person adds too little or too much, the temperature ofthe hot beverage will be higher or lower than desired and may requirefurther attention. Finally, this approach does not provide anyassistance in maintaining the temperature of the hot beverage in theacceptable drinking temperature range. Once the beverage reaches anacceptable temperature, it will continue to lose thermal energy to itssurroundings. This results in the beverage becoming cool too quickly.Therefore, the beverage remains within an acceptable drinkingtemperature range for only a short period.

A hot beverage can also be cooled by pouring it into a cool container.Thermal energy is transferred from the hot beverage to the coolcontainer thereby warming the container and cooling the beverage. Thisapproach suffers from some of the same limitations as adding cool liquidor ice. If the cup is too cool or too warm or has too much or too littlethermal mass, the beverage will stabilize at the wrong temperature.Also, while a heavy container will slow the rate of cooling somewhat dueto the increase in the total thermal mass of the system, the effect willbe small and the beverage will only remain in the ideal drinking rangefor a short period.

Up to this time, the primary method employed for slowing the coolingrate of a beverage was to insulate the container. Everything from simplefoam cups to expensive and sophisticated vacuum mugs is used. Theseapproaches slow the cooling rate of the beverage. However, the abilityof the insulated mugs currently on the market to maintain beveragetemperatures is relatively limited. Even the best mugs usually keepliquids warm for less than 45 minutes. Stainless, vacuum insulated mugsare best at maintaining temperature, but no product currently existswhich can passively cool a hot beverage quickly. Also, the beverage inan insulated container will continue to cool despite the insulation. Thecooling rate will only be slowed. Insulation does not provide a way toadd thermal energy back to the beverage.

To maintain the temperature of a beverage as it cools, the prior art hastaught the use of an electric heater. At least one manufacturer producesa portable refrigerator/heater which plugs into a car's cigarettelighter and may be used to cool or warm beverages. Likewise, plug-inmugs, hot plates and immersion devices may be used to keep beverageswarm. Some beverage containers are available that plug into accessoryplugs in automobiles. A container may also be periodically microwaved toreheat the contents. All of theses approaches suffer from lack ofportability and dependence on outside energy sources. They also fail toaddress the need to rapidly cool a beverage to an acceptable drinkingtemperature range.

The demand for hot beverages is very high, especially for coffee andtea, the most popular adult hot beverages. In 1990, approximately 42% ofthe US population consumed coffee and 30% consumed tea. The number ofoccasions that hot beverages are consumed away from home has increasedsignificantly in recent years. By 1999, the Specialty Coffee Associationof America predicts that there will be approximately 10,000 coffee cafesin comparison to the approximately 3,000 in 1996. The Associationforecasts that of the $1.5 billion in sales coffee cafes will ring up in1999, 20% will be from hot beverage take out.

Therefore, it is desirable to develop a reusable beverage container thatwill rapidly cool a beverage to an acceptable drinking temperature, willmaintain the temperature within an acceptable temperature range for anextended period, requires neither manipulation by the consumer or theinput of external energy, and is portable.

Another related application requiring temperature regulation is babybottles. Beverages given to infants usually must be warmed but it isimportant to not give an infant a beverage that is too hot. Infantscannot tolerate temperatures as high as adults and parents must learn todetermine the maximum acceptable temperature for their child. Therefore,when a beverage is warmed for an infant, it may be necessary to cool itrapidly back to an acceptable temperature. If the beverage is too warm,a parent typically must add cool liquid or allow time to pass. Also, ifthe infant is fussy and does not drink the entire contents of the bottleimmediately, the contents may cool to the point that the infant will notdrink it. Then the parent must reheat the bottle being careful to notoverheat it. Insulated baby bottles are available which extend the timethe contents are acceptably warm but they fail to add thermal energyback to the bottle contents. Therefore, it is desirable to develop ababy bottle that will rapidly reduce the temperature of a beverage to asafe drinking temperature for an infant and then will maintain thattemperature for an extended period.

Another application where it is desirable to regulate the temperature ofa liquid is in bathing tubs. When a person takes a bath or soaks in atub, the water must be within a certain range to be comfortable. If thewater is too hot, the person may be unable to enter the water or may beinjured by it. This is especially important with infants and smallchildren. If the water is too hot, cold water must be added until thetemperature falls in an acceptable range. Once the water is at anacceptable temperature, it is desirable to maintain its temperature forthe period of the bath. If a person wishes to soak or a child wishes toplay in the tub for a period of time, the water may become uncomfortabledue to its falling temperature. Then, additional hot water must be addedto raise the temperature back into the acceptable range. Insulatedbathing tubs are available which help reduce the rate of temperatureloss but do not address the issue of water that is too hot. They alsofail to add thermal energy back into the tub. Some whirlpool tubsinclude heaters for maintaining the temperature of the water but thesedevices are expensive to purchase and operate, require a complex systemof pumps, valves and switches, and are noisy in operation. They alsofail to address the issue of water that is too hot. Therefore, it isdesirable to develop a bathing tub that would rapidly reduce thetemperature of water to an acceptable bathing range and then to maintainthe temperature of the water within the acceptable range for an extendedperiod.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention addresses the need to rapidly lower the temperature of aliquid to a warm range suitable for human contact and then maintain theliquid in the warm range for an extended period of time. The inventioncomprises a liquid receptacle having a side wall with a lower end and anopen upper end. A bottom wall closes off the lower end of the side wall.The side wall has an inner surface and a spaced outer surface. Aninterstitial chamber is defined by the space between the inner and outersurfaces. An insulation layer is disposed at least partially between thechamber and the outer surface of the receptacle. A phase change materialat least partially fills the chamber. The phase change materialregeneratively absorbs thermal energy from a hot liquid in thereceptacle thereby rapidly lowering the temperature of the liquid andthen the material releases the thermal energy back to the liquid tomaintain the temperature of the liquid.

The present invention is suitable for any application requiring therapid lowering of the temperature of a liquid in a container and thenthe maintenance of the temperature of the liquid for an extended periodof time. Among other things, the invention can be applied to drinkingmugs or cups, baby bottles, carafes, and bathing tubs.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of a drinking receptacle according tothe present invention.

FIG. 2 is a graph depicting the temperature of a liquid in the subjectdrinking receptacle versus time, and showing for comparison purposes theheat loss characteristics of a baseline prior art drinking receptacle.

FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view a foam insulated plastic outer shellfor the subject drinking receptacle.

FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view as in FIG. 3 but showing an alternativevacuum insulated stainless steel outer shell for the subject drinkingreceptacle.

FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view of a baby bottle which is a firstalternative embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view of a carafe which is a secondalternative embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a cross sectional view of a bathing or soaking tub which is athird alternative embodiment of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Referring to the Figures, wherein like numerals indicate like orcorresponding parts throughout the several views, a liquid receptacle isgenerally indicated at 10. The receptacle 10 includes a inner vessel 12with an open upper end 13 and a closed lower end 14 and a wall 16connecting the upper 13 and lower 14 ends. An insulated outer shell 18is spaced from the inner vessel 12 defining an interstitial chamber 20therebetween. Phase change material is disposed within the chamber 20.

Preferably, the inner vessel 12 is either wholly or partially formed ofa material having a high thermal conductivity such as aluminum, copperor alloys thereof. Pure aluminum has a thermal conductivity of 237Watts/meter-degree Kelvin when measured at 300 degrees Kelvin. Mostaluminum alloys have a thermal conductivity above 150 Watts/meter-degreeKelvin. Pure copper has a thermal conductivity of 401 Watts/meter-degreeKelvin. Most alloys of copper have thermal conductivities significantlylower than pure copper. It is most preferred that inner vessel be formedfrom a material having a thermal conductivity above 150Watts/meter-degree Kelvin. As should be obvious to one skilled in theart, other materials, including gold and silver, meet this requirement.A material with a lower thermal conductivity may also be used but theperformance of the invention will be reduced accordingly. The innervessel 12 may be coated, anodized, or plated in order to improve theappearance, resistance to oxidation, or cleanability of the vessel 12.Alternatively, the vessel 12 may be formed from 2 or more differentmaterials. The closed lower end 14 could be formed from plastic whilethe wall 16 is formed from coated aluminum. A two material inner vessel12 may be beneficial for cost, manufacturing, or appearance reasons.

One embodiment of the thermal receptacle 10 has an upper rim outsidediameter 24 of about 3.5″, and a bottom outside diameter 26 of about2.75″. The bottom diameter 26 is small enough for the receptacle 10 tofit into typical vehicle drink holders. Total wall thickness 28 variesfrom a maximum of about ⅝″ to a minimum of about ⅜″ at the uppermostportion. The receptacle 10 may include a removable lid which selectivelycloses off the upper end 13 of the inner vessel 12. Alternatively, thelid could sit higher and close off the top of the thermal receptacle 10.The receptacle 10 also includes a plastic removable handle 29. Thehandle 29 can be removed allowing use of the receptacle 10 in vehicledrink holders.

To use the receptacle 10, a consumer removes the lid and pours a hotbeverage or liquid into the inner vessel 12 of the receptacle 10, whichis initially at room temperature. Because the inner vessel 12 is formedof a thermally conductive material, the chamber 20 is in thermallyconductive communication with the beverage or liquid in the inner vessel12. The thermally conductive material of the inner vessel 12 beginsconducting the thermal energy of the hot beverage or liquid into thechamber 20 where it is absorbed by the phase change material. As thephase change material absorbs the thermal energy, the temperature of thephase change material rises from room temperature to its phase changetemperature. Preferably the phase change material will change phases inthe range of 110-160 degrees Fahrenheit (the phase change temperature).Most preferably, the phase change temperature will be in the range of140-155 degrees Fahrenheit if the receptacle is to be used by adults.Preferably, the phase change will be from solid to liquid; a melting.One acceptable phase change material is palmitic acid. Many other phasechange materials are also available with acceptable phase changetemperatures. One class of phase change materials includes a set ofnaturally occurring fatty acids (soaps) with melting points in the rangeof 110° F. to 160° F. These materials are advantageous due to theirnon-toxic and relatively innocuous characteristics. The performance ofthese materials is enhanced if they are of relatively high purity (95%or better). Examples are stearic, palmitic, and myristic acids. Otherpossibilities for the phase change material include heavy alcohols, suchas cetyl alcohol. As will be clear to one of skill in the art, manymaterials are available which can be used as phase change materials.However, to be useful for thermal management, a material must changephases at a temperature close to the temperature range desired to bemaintained. Also, it is desirable that the material be non-toxic and bereadily available at a reasonable price.

Once the phase change material reaches its melting point, thetemperature of the phase change material will no longer rise as thethermal energy is absorbed causing the material to melt (change phases).As the phase change material absorbs thermal energy from the hotbeverage, the temperature of the hot beverage will fall. The temperatureof the hot beverage will continue to fall until the beverage and thephase change material are in thermal equilibrium; e.g., they are at thesame temperature. The quantity of the phase change material is chosen sothat during its phase change it can absorb enough thermal energy to coolthe hot beverage from the boiling point of water down to within a warmrange acceptable for human consumption. Once the hot beverage is cooledto within the warm range, the beverage and the phase change material areat equilibrium and the beverage is drinkable. As the beverage losesthermal energy to the surrounding atmosphere, its temperature will beginto fall below the phase change temperature of the phase change material.At this point, the phase change material will begin to transfer thermalenergy back through the inner vessel 12 into the beverage. This thermalenergy will maintain the temperature of the hot beverage near the phasechange temperature of the phase change material as the phase changematerial resolidifies. Once the phase change material converts back tothe solid phase, its temperature will begin to fall and the beveragetemperature will no longer be maintained. Because the phase changematerial remains at the phase change temperature during the phasechange, the beverage will be maintained near the phase changetemperature for an extended period.

The warm range acceptable for human contact or consumption variesdepending on the application. For adults, the warm range acceptable forconsumption of a hot beverage is approximately 120 degrees Fahrenheit toapproximately 154 degrees Fahrenheit. Above 154 degrees, hot beveragesare too hot for most consumers. Most consumers prefer to start drinkinga hot beverage at around 145 degrees Fahrenheit. Below 120 degrees, mostconsumers find that a beverage has become too cool to be palatable.Obviously, preferences vary so receptacles 10 can be manufactured with avariety of phase change materials to tailor the warm range achieved.Also, a receptacle designed for children's beverages requires a lowerwarm range and therefore a phase change material with a lower phasechange temperature is most desirable.

Referring now to FIG. 2, the thermal characteristics of the receptacle10 adapted for hot beverages for adults are shown. A series ofdatapoints labeled as baseline indicate the temperature of a hotbeverage poured into a typical prior art plastic coffee mug. Thetemperature of the beverage falls slowly but steadily to the upper limitof the warm range (labeled as Drinking Temperature Range) acceptable forhuman consumption, which in this example is approximately 150° F. Thetemperature of the beverage continues to fall at approximately the samerate until it falls below the lower limit of the warm range which inthis example is approximately 120° F. Consequently, the beverage is onlywithin the warm range or acceptable drinking temperature range for ashort period of time.

The series of datapoints labeled as “Phase Change Mug” illustrate thethermal characteristics of a receptacle constructed according to thepresent invention. The datapoints indicate the temperature of a hotbeverage poured into the receptacle versus time. The beverage cools veryrapidly as the thermal energy of the beverage is absorbed by the phasechange material. The beverage rapidly falls to the upper limit of thewarm range and then the cooling rate slows. The beverage remains withinthe warm range for an extended period; more than an hour.

Referring now to FIGS. 3 and 4, the outer shell is shown generally at18. The shell 18 has an inner surface 30, an outer surface 32, and anupper edge 34 that terminates in a lip 36 for drinking from thereceptacle. Two embodiments of the outer shell 18 are envisioned. In thepreferred embodiment, shown in FIG. 3, the outer shell 18 has a rigidplastic outer surface 32 and a insulating foam layer 38. The outersurface 32 defines the outer contours of the receptacle 10. The innersurface 30 of the outer shell 18 is defined by the inner surface of theinsulating foam layer 38. The insulating foam layer 38 can be made of avariety of insulating foams. Two acceptable foams are polyurethane foamand polystyrene foam.

A first alternative embodiment of the outer shell 18, as shown in FIG.4, consists of a stainless steel outer surface 32 and inner surface 30that form a totally sealed chamber 40. The chamber 40 is evacuatedthereby creating a vacuum insulated outer shell 18. The two versions ofthe outer shell 18 have similar shapes but the stainless version issomewhat heavier and more costly to produce. A plastic insulated versionof the complete receptacle assembly with a capacity of about 12 fluidounces has a dry weight of about 12 oz. and the stainless version has adry weight of about 16 oz.

The performance of the receptacle is greatly enhanced by the insulatedouter shell 18. The insulation slows the loss of thermal energy from thephase change material thereby greatly extending the period that thebeverage can be maintained within the warm range.

Referring back to FIG. 1, an additional feature of the present inventioncan be appreciated. The inner vessel 12 is recessed within the outershell 18. The upper end 13 of the inner vessel 12 is located below thelip 36 of the outer shell 18. This prevents the lips of a consumer fromcontacting the inner vessel 12 when the consumer drinks from thereceptacle 10. Because the inner vessel 12 is highly thermallyconductive, the upper end 13 can be uncomfortably warm and therefore itmost preferred that it is positioned so that it does not contact theconsumer's lips. The amount that the upper end 13 should be recessedvaries depending on the shape of the lip 36 and the overall design ofthe receptacle 10. With the shape illustrated in FIG. 1, it is preferredthat the upper end 13 be spaced from the lip 36 by at least ⅛ inch andmore preferably by at least ¼ inch. The upper end 13 of the inner vessel12 seals to the inner surface 30 of the outer shell 18. The seal betweenthe upper end 13 and the inner surface 30 must be sufficient to reliablyretain the phase change material in chamber 20. Several sealing methodsare available. Currently, it is preferred to form the inner surface 30with a small recess 37 for the upper end 13 of the inner vessel 12 tosnap into. A silicon sealant is applied to the recess 37 before theinner vessel 12 is inserted. A preformed silicon seal offers analternative. It can be formed to fill a portion of the recess 37.

A baby bottle 110 incorporating a phase change material is a firstalternative embodiment of the present invention as shown in FIG. 5. Thebaby bottle 110 includes a thermally conductive inner vessel 112surrounded by an insulated outer shell 118. The outer shell 118 isspaced from the inner vessel 112 so as to form a chamber 120 which is atleast partially filled with a phase change material. The acceptabletemperature for liquid consumed by infants is significantly lower thanthe temperature desired by adults so a phase change material with alower phase change temperature is used. The outer shell 118 can beplastic with a foam insulation layer or vacuum insulated stainlesssteel. It is desirable to minimize the weight of a baby bottle to allowan infant to support its weight unaided. Therefore, a lightweightplastic outer shell 118 with foam insulation is most preferred. Theshell 118 may also incorporate a handle or other gripping means to allowan infant to more easily grasp the baby bottle 110. For maximum benefitfrom the phase change material, the infant beverage should be added tothe bottle at a temperature above the warm range for infants so thatexcess thermal energy is absorbed by the phase change material. After ashort period, the phase change material will have absorbed the excessthermal energy thus lowering the temperature of the beverage into thewarm range for an infant. The excess thermal energy will serve tomaintain the temperature of the beverage for an extended period. This isdesirable if the infant is fussy and refuses to drink the entirecontents of the bottle immediately. The temperature stabilizing effectof the phase change material has the additional benefit that parentswill not have to worry about checking to see if the beverage is too hot.The bottle holds sufficient phase change material that a beverage couldbe added at boiling temperature. The bottle will cool the beverage tothe acceptable range within a short period. Therefore, parents can beconfident that as long as they wait a proscribed period, the beveragewill be safe. The bottle may also incorporate a timing device or atemperature indicator to provide the parents with additionalinformation.

In FIG. 6, a second alternative embodiment, a carafe incorporating phasechange material, is generally shown at 210. The carafe 210 includes athermally conductive inner vessel 212 surrounded by an insulated outershell 218. The shell 218 is spaced from the inner vessel 212 so as toform a chamber 220 which is at least partially filled with a phasechange material. Since the carafe 210 will be used to hold hot beveragesfor pouring into mugs or cups, it is desirable to hold the beverage at ahigher temperature than the maximum acceptable drinking temperature.When the beverage is poured from the carafe 210 into a mug, the mug willcool the beverage. Therefore, the pouring temperature should be higherthan the desired drinking temperature. The carafe 210 will differ fromthe drinking receptacle 10 in that the carafe 210 will requiresignificantly more phase change material to adequately absorb and storethe thermal energy of the increased mass of hot beverage. Also, a phasechange material with a higher phase change temperature is preferred.

In FIG. 7, a third alternative embodiment, a bathtub incorporating phasechange material, is generally shown at 310. The bathtub 310 includes athermally conductive vessel 312. Attached to the exterior of the vessel312 are boxes 313, 314, 316 which are at least partially filled withphase change material. Surrounding the boxes 313, 314, 316 areinsulating layers 318, 320, 322. When hot bathing water is added to thebathtub 310, the phase change material absorbs thermal energy conductedinto the boxes 313, 314, 316 from the bathing water. The bathing waterquickly cools to an acceptable bathing temperature and then the phasechange material starts conducting thermal energy back into the bathingwater thereby maintaining its temperature. The boxes 313, 314, 316 areremovably attached to the exterior of the vessel 312 so that boxes withdifferent phase change materials can be substituted. This allows forchanges in the sustained temperature of the bathing water as may bedesirable when adults and children use the same bathtub. For example,when someone plans to use the tub, they would check to see what boxes313, 314, 316 are connected. If a child is going to use the tub, the lowtemperature version of the boxes 313, 314, 316 should be connected.After confirming that the low temperature boxes are connected, an adultcan fill the tub with hot water for the child. After a set period oftime has passed, the temperature of the water in the tub will beacceptable and safe for the child. If later, the adult wishes to use thesame tub for a higher temperature soak, they would change the boxes 313,314, 316 to the higher temperature version, drain the tub if necessary,and refill the tub with hot water. It should be noted that the tub wouldrequire refilling with hot water if the boxes 313, 314, 316 werechanged. The new hot water would then melt the phase change material inthe new boxes 313, 314, 316 for the new bath. If the boxes 313, 314, 316were changed without changing the water in the tub, the water in the tubwould not have sufficient thermal energy to melt the phase changematerial in the boxes 313, 314, 316. Therefore, the phase changematerial could not provide the temperature maintenance function that itwould ordinarily provide if it were melted by the excess thermal energyof fresh hot water.

Manufacturing of the Mug

The current design for the plastic version of the receptacle 10 shown inFIG. 1 calls for four parts which require expensive productionequipment, three of which are injection molded, and one of which is astamped aluminum part. The injection molded parts include the outershell 18 of the receptacle, the handle 29, and an insulating lid. Thestamped part is the aluminum inner vessel 12. Once these parts areproduced, the remaining assembly can be done in a light manufacturingfacility. The receptacle 10 is assembled in a series of fourworkstations, labeled as receiving, foam insulation injection, generalassembly, and finally, packaging and shipping. At the insulationinjection workstation, a plastic outer shell is snapped on to an innermold and a portioned amount of urethane foam is injected into the cavityproduced between the outer shell 18 and the inner mold. After thisprocess is completed, the assembly is set aside to cure, generally in aheated area and for a period of two to three hours.

The general assembly station receives warmed, foam lined plastic outershells 18 from the foaming station, adds the liquid phase changematerial, applies a bead of adhesive to the sealing point, and snaps thealuminum inner vessel inside the shell 18. This assembly operation mustbe performed “hot,” that is, at a temperature that exceeds that of themelting point of the phase change material. This assembly temperaturevaries, but generally does not exceed 150° F. The handle 29 and lid arealso added at this station to complete the assembly.

Alternative manufacturing technologies include the use of new expandablepolymers such as expandable polypropylene. The use of these materials inproducing plastic versions of the receptacle may reduce the fixed costsof injection molds and injection molding machines, as they will onlyrequire blow molds and stream blowing machines. These latter devices areapproximately ¼ the cost of the injection molding equipment.

The manufacture of this stainless vacuum insulated version of thereceptacle 10 varies only in the construction of the outer shell 18. Thestainless outer shell 18 is composed of two pieces of stamped stainlesssteel. One different workstation is required for the fabrication of thevacuum jacketed stainless outer shell 18 from the stamped parts. Thisworkstation is referred to as the welding and evacuation station, and inthe four workstation sequence, it replaces the foaming station. As aresult, the station sequence for the stainless versions is: receiving,welding and evacuation, assembly, and packaging.

The stainless steel version of the receptacle 10 requires two additionalstampings, described as an inner and an outer half. The assembly of thestainless steel outer shell 18 includes pressing the inner and outerhalves of this shell together. This operation leaves a seam at the topof the shell 18, and this seam is sealed by a TIG welding process,accomplished with the parts in a rotating holding jig.

Following the welding of the upper edge 34, the shell 18 is inverted,and a small tube attached by welding to the center of a depression inthe bottom of the shell 18. This tube serves as the evacuation port. Thesmall tube is connected to a vacuum source in a different section of theworkstation, and left to evacuate. Once a sufficient vacuum has beenreached, the shell 18 is leak checked. If the shell 18 passes this leakcheck, the evacuation tube, still under active pumping, is crimped, thenwelded off. Shells that fail the vacuum check must be inspected andtheir tops rewelded.

1.-23. (canceled)
 24. A baby bottle for rapidly lowering the temperatureof a liquid contained therein to a warm range suitable for infantcontact and maintaining the liquid in the warm range for an extendedperiod of time, the baby bottle comprising: an inner vessel having anopen upper end and closed lower end and a wall connecting the upper endand the lower end; an outer shell spaced from the inner vessel definingan interstitial chamber therebetween; a drinking outlet closing theupper end of the inner vessel, the drinking outlet including a nipple;and a phase change material disposed within the chamber forregeneratively absorbing thermal energy from the liquid and thenreleasing the thermal energy to the liquid to maintain the temperatureof the liquid.
 25. The baby bottle according to claim 24, wherein theouter shell is an insulated shell.
 26. The baby bottle according toclaim 25, wherein the insulated outer shell is a one piece insulatedshell.
 27. The baby bottle according to claim 24, wherein the outershell includes an inner layer and an outer layer with an evacuated voidtherebetween for vacuum insulating the outer shell.
 28. The baby bottleaccording to claim 24, wherein the insulated outer shell includes aplastic outer layer and an inner layer of insulating foam.
 29. The babybottle according to claim 24, further comprising a timing device. 30.The baby bottle according to claim 24, further comprising a temperatureindicator for indicating the temperature of the liquid.
 31. The liquidreceptacle according to claim 24, wherein the phase change material hasa solid to liquid phase change temperature within the range of 110° F.to 160° F.
 32. A receptacle according to claim 31, wherein the phasechange material is selected from the group consisting of naturallyoccurring fatty acids.
 33. A receptacle according to claim 24, whereinthe phase change material is palmitic acid.
 34. The liquid receptacleaccording to claim 24, wherein the inner vessel is formed from amaterial having a thermal conductivity greater than 150Watts/meter-degree Kelvin.
 35. The liquid receptacle according to claim24, wherein the material is selected from the group consisting ofaluminum, aluminum alloys, copper, and copper alloys.